Spring Boot Supports GraalVM Native Image

RECOMMEND POSTS BEFORE THIS

• GraalVM
• Dynamic Proxy in Java

0. 들어가면서

스프링 부트(spring boot) 3.X 버전에 관련된 내용들을 보면 GraalVM 지원에 대한 이야기가 있습니다 . 이전 포스트에서 GraalVM에 대한 내용을 정리하였고, 이번엔 간단한 네이티브 이미지를 만들어보겠습니다. 이번 글에서 사용하는 AOT(Ahead of Time) 컴파일러에 대한 내용은 이전 포스트를 참조하시길 바랍니다.

1. Dynamic Features Limitation of Native Image

GraalVM은 AOT 컴파일러를 사용해 네이티브 이미지를 빌드합니다. 이 과정에서 AOT 컴파일러는 정적 코드 분석과 최적화를 통해 바이트 코드를 운영체제에 맞는 머신 코드로 컴파일합니다. 정적 코드 분석을 통해 머신 코드를 만들기 때문에 다음과 같은 동적 기능들을 사용하는데 제약이 생깁니다.

• Accessing Resources
• Certificate Management
• Dynamic Proxy
• Java Native Interface (JNI)
• JCA Security Services
• Reflection
• URL Protocols

2. Understanding Spring Ahead-of-Time Processing

스프링 프레임워크는 런타임에 내부적으로 동적 프록시(dynamic proxy), 리플렉션(reflection) 기능을 사용합니다. 그렇기 때문에 스프링의 일부 동적 기능들에 대한 사용이 제한됩니다. GraalVM에 의해 만들어지는 네이티브 이미지를 닫힌 세계(closed-world)라고 표현하는데 다음과 같은 동적 기능들이 제한됩니다.

• 클래스 경로(classpath)는 빌드 시에 고정되고, 완전히 정의되어집니다.
• 어플리케이션에 정의된 빈(bean)들은 런타임에 변경될 수 없습니다.
  • @Profile 애너테이션과 프로파일 정의에 따른 선택적 설정에 제한이 있습니다.
  • @ConditionalOnProperty 애너테이션이나 .enable 속성들처럼 빈 생성 시 변경되는 기능은 지원되지 않습니다.

위 제한 사항들 때문에 스프링 프레임워크는 빌드 타임에 GraalVM이 사용할 수 있는 추가적인 애셋(asset)들을 생성합니다.

• Java 소스 코드
• 동적 프록시를 위한 바이트 코드(bytecode)
• GraalVM JSON 힌트 파일들
  • resource-config.json - 리소스 힌트
  • reflect-config.json - 리플렉션 힌트
  • serialization-config.json - 직렬화 힌트
  • proxy-config.json - 프록시 힌트
  • jni-config.json - JNI(Java Native Interface) 힌트

프로젝트를 빌드하면 다음과 같은 결과물들이 만들어집니다.

3. Prerequisites

네이티브 이미지를 생성하려면 GraalVM JDK(Java Devleopment Kit)가 필요합니다. GraalVM 공식 홈페이지에서 제공하는 JDK를 사용하면 에러가 발생하기 때문에 스프링 공식 문서에 명시된 JDK를 사용합니다. 필자의 개발 환경은 다음과 같습니다.

• MacBook Pro
• 2.4 GHz 8코어 Intel Core i9
• IntelliJ

3.1. Install SDKMAN

공식 문서를 보면 SDKMAN을 사용할 것을 느낌표를 붙혀가면서 강력하게 추천합니다.

To build a native image using the Native Build Tools, you’ll need a GraalVM distribution on your machine. You can either download it manually on the Liberica Native Image Kit page, or you can use a download manager like SDKMAN!.

To install the native image compiler on macOS or Linux, we recommend using SDKMAN!. Get SDKMAN! from sdkman.io and install the Liberica GraalVM distribution by using the following commands:

sdkman.io 사이트의 설치 방법을 따라 SDKMAN 설치합니다.

$ curl -s "https://get.sdkman.io" | bash

3.2. Install GraalVM JDK

• JDK를 설치합니다.

$ sdk install java 23.r17-nik

Downloading: java 23.r17-nik

In progress...

################################################################################################################ 100.0%

Repackaging Java 23.r17-nik...

Done repackaging...
Cleaning up residual files...

Installing: java 23.r17-nik
Done installing!


Setting java 23.r17-nik as default.

• 기본 JDK를 변경합니다.

$ sdk use java 23.r17-nik              

Using java version 23.r17-nik in this shell.

• Java 버전을 확인합니다.

$ java -version

openjdk version "17.0.7" 2023-04-18 LTS
OpenJDK Runtime Environment Liberica-NIK-23.0.0-1 (build 17.0.7+7-LTS)
OpenJDK 64-Bit Server VM Liberica-NIK-23.0.0-1 (build 17.0.7+7-LTS, mixed mode, sharing)

4. Project Setup

이번 예제에선 코드를 자세히 살펴보지 않습니다. 다음과 같은 간단한 어플리케이션 서비스를 네이티브 이미지로 만들고 실행시킵니다.

• 포켓몬 정보를 반환하는 API 서비스입니다.
• 프로파일 설정에 따라 다른 방식으로 동작합니다.
  • local 프로파일인 경우 메모리에 있는 포켓몬 정보를 반환합니다.
  • dev 프로파일인 경우 외부 서비스에 있는 포켓몬 정보를 반환합니다.
  • 프로파일을 바꿔가면서 빌드하고 테스트합니다.

4.1. Setup JDK for Module

프로젝트를 생성한 후 모듈 설정에서 SDK를 이전 단계에서 설치한 JDK로 변경합니다.

• 모듈 설정(COMMAND + ;)으로 진입합니다.
• 이전 단계에서 다운로드 받은 liberica-17 JDK를 설정합니다.

4.2. build.gradle

그레이들(gradle) 프로젝트입니다.

• 네이티브 이미지를 생성할 수 있는 작업(task)들을 사용하기 위해 org.graalvm.buildtools.native 플러그인을 추가합니다.

plugins {
    id 'java'
    id 'org.springframework.boot' version '3.1.3'
    id 'io.spring.dependency-management' version '1.1.3'
    id 'org.graalvm.buildtools.native' version '0.9.24'
}

group = 'action.in.blog'
version = '0.0.1-SNAPSHOT'

java {
    sourceCompatibility = '17'
}

repositories {
    mavenCentral()
}

dependencies {
    implementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-web'
    testImplementation 'org.springframework.boot:spring-boot-starter-test'
    compileOnly 'org.projectlombok:lombok:1.18.28'
    annotationProcessor 'org.projectlombok:lombok:1.18.28'
    testCompileOnly 'org.projectlombok:lombok:1.18.28'
    testAnnotationProcessor 'org.projectlombok:lombok:1.18.28'
}

tasks.named('test') {
    useJUnitPlatform()
}

4.3. application.yml

설정 파일을 통해 어플리케이션 프로파일을 변경하면서 테스트합니다.

spring:
  profiles:
    active: local

4.4. Proxies

다음과 같은 구현체 클래스들이 존재합니다. 설정 파일을 통해 활성화 된 프로파일에 해당하는 빈을 주입하여 사용합니다.

4.4.1. LocalPokemonProxy Class

• 로컬 혹은 테스트에서 사용합니다.

package action.in.blog.proxy.impl;

import action.in.blog.domain.Pokemon;
import action.in.blog.domain.PokemonResponse;
import action.in.blog.proxy.PokemonProxy;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Profile;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;

import java.util.List;

@Profile(value = {"local", "test"})
@Service
public class LocalPokemonProxy implements PokemonProxy {

    @Override
    public PokemonResponse getPokemons() {
        return PokemonResponse.builder()
                .count(3)
                .next("https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon?offset=10&limit=10")
                .results(
                        List.of(
                                new Pokemon("bulbasaur", "https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon/1/"),
                                new Pokemon("ivysaur", "https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon/2/"),
                                new Pokemon("venusaur", "https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon/3/")
                        )
                )
                .build();
    }
}

4.4.2. DefaultPokemonProxy Class

• 로컬, 테스트 환경이 아닌 경우 사용합니다.

package action.in.blog.proxy.impl;

import action.in.blog.domain.PokemonResponse;
import action.in.blog.proxy.PokemonProxy;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Profile;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Service;
import org.springframework.web.client.RestTemplate;

@Profile("!local & !test")
@Service
public class DefaultPokemonProxy implements PokemonProxy {

    private final RestTemplate restTemplate;

    public DefaultPokemonProxy() {
        this.restTemplate = new RestTemplate();
    }

    @Override
    public PokemonResponse getPokemons() {
        return restTemplate.getForObject("https://pokeapi.co/api/v2/pokemon", PokemonResponse.class);
    }
}

5. Practice

네이티브 이미지를 실행하는 방법은 두가지입니다.

• 로컬 머신에 적합한 네이티브 이미지를 생성하고 실행합니다.
  • jar 패키지 파일이 아니라 실행 파일이 생성됩니다.
• 빌드팩(buildpack) 기반으로 컨테이너 이미지를 생성하고 이를 실행합니다.
  • 도커(docker) 같은 컨테이너 런타임이 필요합니다.

5.1. Run Application

어플리케이션 실행 속도 차이를 확인하기 위해 IDE를 사용해 어플리케이션을 실행합니다. 빌드한 jar 패키지 파일을 실행해도 좋습니다.

• 어플리케이션 실행까지 1.221초 소요됩니다.

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::                (v3.1.3)

2023-09-18T10:57:01.010+09:00  INFO 20936 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : Starting ActionInBlogApplication using Java 17.0.8 with PID 20936 (/Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog/build/classes/java/main started by junhyunk in /Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog)
2023-09-18T10:57:01.012+09:00  INFO 20936 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : The following 1 profile is active: "dev"
2023-09-18T10:57:01.596+09:00  INFO 20936 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
2023-09-18T10:57:01.602+09:00  INFO 20936 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService   : Starting service [Tomcat]
2023-09-18T10:57:01.602+09:00  INFO 20936 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine    : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/10.1.12]
2023-09-18T10:57:01.661+09:00  INFO 20936 --- [           main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2023-09-18T10:57:01.662+09:00  INFO 20936 --- [           main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 611 ms
2023-09-18T10:57:01.912+09:00  INFO 20936 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2023-09-18T10:57:01.919+09:00  INFO 20936 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : Started ActionInBlogApplication in 1.221 seconds (process running for 1.684)

5.2. Native Run

그레이들 명령어로 네이티브 이미지를 생성합니다.

• ./gradlew nativeCompile 명령어를 사용합니다.
• 컴파일 과정에서 정적 코드 분석을 수행합니다.
• 빌드 시간이 약 3분 정도 소요됩니다.
  • 정적 코드 분석, 메모리 최적화, 힌트 생성 등으로 일반적인 빌드 시간보다 더 오래걸립니다.

$ ./gradlew nativeCompile

> Task :processAot

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::                (v3.1.3)

2023-09-18T11:02:29.603+09:00  INFO 21251 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : Starting ActionInBlogApplication using Java 17.0.7 with PID 21251 (/Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog/build/classes/java/main started by junhyunk in /Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog)
2023-09-18T11:02:29.606+09:00  INFO 21251 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : The following 1 profile is active: "dev"

> Task :compileAotJava
Note: /Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog/build/generated/aotSources/org/springframework/boot/autoconfigure/web/servlet/WebMvcAutoConfiguration__BeanDefinitions.java uses or overrides a deprecated API.
Note: Recompile with -Xlint:deprecation for details.

> Task :generateResourcesConfigFile
[native-image-plugin] Resources configuration written into /Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog/build/native/generated/generateResourcesConfigFile/resource-config.json

> Task :nativeCompile
[native-image-plugin] GraalVM Toolchain detection is disabled
[native-image-plugin] GraalVM location read from environment variable: JAVA_HOME
[native-image-plugin] Native Image executable path: /Users/junhyunk/.sdkman/candidates/java/23.r17-nik/lib/svm/bin/native-image
========================================================================================================================
GraalVM Native Image: Generating 'action-in-blog' (executable)...
========================================================================================================================
[1/8] Initializing...                                                                                   (12.8s @ 0.24GB)
 Java version: 17.0.7+7-LTS, vendor version: Liberica-NIK-23.0.0-1
 Graal compiler: optimization level: 2, target machine: x86-64-v3
 C compiler: cc (apple, x86_64, 14.0.3)
 Garbage collector: Serial GC (max heap size: 80% of RAM)
 1 user-specific feature(s)
 - org.springframework.aot.nativex.feature.PreComputeFieldFeature
Field org.apache.commons.logging.LogAdapter#log4jSpiPresent set to true at build time
Field org.apache.commons.logging.LogAdapter#log4jSlf4jProviderPresent set to true at build time
Field org.apache.commons.logging.LogAdapter#slf4jSpiPresent set to true at build time
Field org.apache.commons.logging.LogAdapter#slf4jApiPresent set to true at build time
Field org.springframework.core.KotlinDetector#kotlinPresent set to false at build time

...

Field org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContext#jstlPresent set to false at build time
[2/8] Performing analysis...  [*******]                                                                 (37.1s @ 1.43GB)
  15,225 (90.49%) of 16,825 types reachable
  25,073 (67.63%) of 37,076 fields reachable
  74,203 (63.53%) of 116,805 methods reachable
   4,756 types,   266 fields, and 4,976 methods registered for reflection
      64 types,    71 fields, and    55 methods registered for JNI access
       5 native libraries: -framework CoreServices, -framework Foundation, dl, pthread, z
[3/8] Building universe...                                                                               (5.0s @ 1.39GB)
[4/8] Parsing methods...      [**]                                                                       (3.6s @ 1.37GB)
[5/8] Inlining methods...     [****]                                                                     (2.6s @ 1.83GB)
[6/8] Compiling methods...    [*****]                                                                   (28.6s @ 4.62GB)
[7/8] Layouting methods...    [***]                                                                      (6.7s @ 2.61GB)
[8/8] Creating image...       [***]                                                                      (6.6s @ 3.68GB)
  37.09MB (52.79%) for code area:    48,372 compilation units
  32.82MB (46.72%) for image heap:  381,342 objects and 117 resources
 350.30kB ( 0.49%) for other data
  70.25MB in total
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Top 10 origins of code area:                                Top 10 object types in image heap:
  13.24MB java.base                                            8.14MB byte[] for code metadata
   4.51MB tomcat-embed-core-10.1.12.jar                        3.63MB java.lang.Class
   2.93MB java.xml                                             3.59MB java.lang.String
   2.03MB jackson-databind-2.15.2.jar                          3.14MB byte[] for general heap data
   1.57MB spring-core-6.0.11.jar                               3.06MB byte[] for java.lang.String
   1.31MB spring-boot-3.1.3.jar                                1.28MB com.oracle.svm.core.hub.DynamicHubCompanion
   1.30MB svm.jar (Native Image)                             922.18kB byte[] for reflection metadata
   1.00MB spring-web-6.0.11.jar                              778.69kB byte[] for embedded resources
 920.21kB spring-beans-6.0.11.jar                            695.70kB java.lang.String[]
 862.74kB spring-webmvc-6.0.11.jar                           663.14kB java.util.HashMap$Node
   7.11MB for 70 more packages                                 6.11MB for 3165 more object types
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Recommendations:
 HEAP: Set max heap for improved and more predictable memory usage.
 CPU:  Enable more CPU features with '-march=native' for improved performance.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
                        6.0s (5.7% of total time) in 66 GCs | Peak RSS: 6.30GB | CPU load: 9.54
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Produced artifacts:
 /Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog/build/native/nativeCompile/action-in-blog (executable)
========================================================================================================================
Finished generating 'action-in-blog' in 1m 44s.
[native-image-plugin] Native Image written to: /Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog/build/native/nativeCompile

Deprecated Gradle features were used in this build, making it incompatible with Gradle 9.0.

You can use '--warning-mode all' to show the individual deprecation warnings and determine if they come from your own scripts or plugins.

For more on this, please refer to https://docs.gradle.org/8.2.1/userguide/command_line_interface.html#sec:command_line_warnings in the Gradle documentation.

BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 1m 54s
9 actionable tasks: 9 executed

그레이들 명령어로 네이티브 이미지를 실행합니다.

• ./gradlew nativeRun 명령어를 사용합니다.
• 어플리케이션 실행까지 0.06초 소요됩니다.
  • 일반 실행보다 약 20배 이상 빠릅니다.

$  ./gradlew nativeRun

> Task :nativeRun

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::                (v3.1.3)

2023-09-18T11:09:25.040+09:00  INFO 21882 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : Starting AOT-processed ActionInBlogApplication using Java 17.0.7 with PID 21882 (/Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog/build/native/nativeCompile/action-in-blog started by junhyunk in /Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog)
2023-09-18T11:09:25.040+09:00  INFO 21882 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : The following 1 profile is active: "dev"
2023-09-18T11:09:25.057+09:00  INFO 21882 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
2023-09-18T11:09:25.058+09:00  INFO 21882 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService   : Starting service [Tomcat]
2023-09-18T11:09:25.058+09:00  INFO 21882 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine    : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/10.1.12]
2023-09-18T11:09:25.066+09:00  INFO 21882 --- [           main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2023-09-18T11:09:25.066+09:00  INFO 21882 --- [           main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 26 ms
2023-09-18T11:09:25.087+09:00  INFO 21882 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2023-09-18T11:09:25.087+09:00  INFO 21882 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : Started ActionInBlogApplication in 0.06 seconds (process running for 0.072)

빌드 경로에 생성된 파일을 직접 실행하는 것도 가능합니다.

• ./build/native/nativeCompile/action-in-blog 파일을 실행합니다.
• 실행 결과는 그레이들 태스크와 동일합니다.

$ ./build/native/nativeCompile/action-in-blog 

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::                (v3.1.3)

2023-09-18T11:11:44.279+09:00  INFO 22152 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : Starting AOT-processed ActionInBlogApplication using Java 17.0.7 with PID 22152 (/Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog/build/native/nativeCompile/action-in-blog started by junhyunk in /Users/junhyunk/Desktop/action-in-blog)
2023-09-18T11:11:44.280+09:00  INFO 22152 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : The following 1 profile is active: "dev"
2023-09-18T11:11:44.297+09:00  INFO 22152 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
2023-09-18T11:11:44.298+09:00  INFO 22152 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService   : Starting service [Tomcat]
2023-09-18T11:11:44.298+09:00  INFO 22152 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine    : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/10.1.12]
2023-09-18T11:11:44.307+09:00  INFO 22152 --- [           main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2023-09-18T11:11:44.307+09:00  INFO 22152 --- [           main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 27 ms
2023-09-18T11:11:44.327+09:00  INFO 22152 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2023-09-18T11:11:44.327+09:00  INFO 22152 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : Started ActionInBlogApplication in 0.06 seconds (process running for 0.072)

5.3. Native Image with Container

컨테이너 환경에서 동작할 수 있는 네이티브 이미지를 빌드합니다. 해당 작업을 수행할 땐 도커 같은 컨테이너 런타임이 필요합니다.

• ./gradlew bootBuildImage 명령어를 사용합니다.
• 컨테이너 이미지 빌드에 시간이 약 4분 소요됩니다.
  • 빌드팩 기반으로 컨테이너 이미지를 생성합니다.
  • 정적 코드 분석, 메모리 최적화, 힌트 생성 등으로 일반적인 빌드 시간보다 더 오래걸립니다.
• 생성된 이미지 이름은 docker.io/library/action-in-blog:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT 입니다.

$ ./gradlew bootBuildImage                   

> Task :bootBuildImage
Building image 'docker.io/library/action-in-blog:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT'

 > Pulling builder image 'docker.io/paketobuildpacks/builder:tiny' ..................................................
 > Pulled builder image 'paketobuildpacks/builder@sha256:1a59354925fcb7ba54744b8017630c97c2b035e1a9e19309330557b9c66bfc2c'
 > Pulling run image 'docker.io/paketobuildpacks/run:tiny-cnb' ..................................................
 > Pulled run image 'paketobuildpacks/run@sha256:adf913cf28031f2090aeaedac65edb36f2987d81a23a8dffab5ea18ca216c94c'
 > Executing lifecycle version v0.16.5
 > Using build cache volume 'pack-cache-29e09935f167.build'

 > Running creator
    [creator]     ===> ANALYZING
    [creator]     Restoring data for SBOM from previous image
    [creator]     ===> DETECTING
    [creator]     6 of 15 buildpacks participating
    [creator]     paketo-buildpacks/ca-certificates   3.6.3
    [creator]     paketo-buildpacks/bellsoft-liberica 10.2.6
    [creator]     paketo-buildpacks/syft              1.32.1
    [creator]     paketo-buildpacks/executable-jar    6.7.4
    [creator]     paketo-buildpacks/spring-boot       5.26.1
    [creator]     paketo-buildpacks/native-image      5.12.1
    [creator]     ===> RESTORING
    [creator]     Restoring metadata for "paketo-buildpacks/ca-certificates:helper" from app image
    [creator]     Restoring metadata for "paketo-buildpacks/bellsoft-liberica:native-image-svm" from cache
    [creator]     Restoring metadata for "paketo-buildpacks/syft:syft" from cache
    [creator]     Restoring metadata for "paketo-buildpacks/native-image:native-image" from cache
    [creator]     Restoring data for "paketo-buildpacks/bellsoft-liberica:native-image-svm" from cache
    [creator]     Restoring data for "paketo-buildpacks/syft:syft" from cache
    [creator]     Restoring data for "paketo-buildpacks/native-image:native-image" from cache
    [creator]     Restoring data for SBOM from cache
    [creator]     ===> BUILDING
    [creator]     
    [creator]     Paketo Buildpack for CA Certificates 3.6.3
    [creator]       https://github.com/paketo-buildpacks/ca-certificates
    [creator]       Launch Helper: Reusing cached layer
    [creator]     
    [creator]     Paketo Buildpack for BellSoft Liberica 10.2.6
    [creator]       https://github.com/paketo-buildpacks/bellsoft-liberica
    [creator]       Build Configuration:
    [creator]         $BP_JVM_JLINK_ARGS           --no-man-pages --no-header-files --strip-debug --compress=1  configure custom link arguments (--output must be omitted)
    [creator]         $BP_JVM_JLINK_ENABLED        false                                                        enables running jlink tool to generate custom JRE
    [creator]         $BP_JVM_TYPE                 JRE                                                          the JVM type - JDK or JRE
    [creator]         $BP_JVM_VERSION              17                                                           the Java version
    [creator]       Launch Configuration:
    [creator]         $BPL_DEBUG_ENABLED           false                                                        enables Java remote debugging support
    [creator]         $BPL_DEBUG_PORT              8000                                                         configure the remote debugging port
    [creator]         $BPL_DEBUG_SUSPEND           false                                                        configure whether to suspend execution until a debugger has attached
    [creator]         $BPL_HEAP_DUMP_PATH                                                                       write heap dumps on error to this path
    [creator]         $BPL_JAVA_NMT_ENABLED        true                                                         enables Java Native Memory Tracking (NMT)
    [creator]         $BPL_JAVA_NMT_LEVEL          summary                                                      configure level of NMT, summary or detail
    [creator]         $BPL_JFR_ARGS                                                                             configure custom Java Flight Recording (JFR) arguments
    [creator]         $BPL_JFR_ENABLED             false                                                        enables Java Flight Recording (JFR)
    [creator]         $BPL_JMX_ENABLED             false                                                        enables Java Management Extensions (JMX)
    [creator]         $BPL_JMX_PORT                5000                                                         configure the JMX port
    [creator]         $BPL_JVM_HEAD_ROOM           0                                                            the headroom in memory calculation
    [creator]         $BPL_JVM_LOADED_CLASS_COUNT  35% of classes                                               the number of loaded classes in memory calculation
    [creator]         $BPL_JVM_THREAD_COUNT        250                                                          the number of threads in memory calculation
    [creator]         $JAVA_TOOL_OPTIONS                                                                        the JVM launch flags
    [creator]         Using Java version 17 extracted from MANIFEST.MF
    [creator]       BellSoft Liberica NIK 17.0.7: Reusing cached layer
    [creator]     
    [creator]     Paketo Buildpack for Syft 1.32.1
    [creator]       https://github.com/paketo-buildpacks/syft
    [creator]         Downloading from https://github.com/anchore/syft/releases/download/v0.84.0/syft_0.84.0_linux_amd64.tar.gz
    [creator]         Verifying checksum
    [creator]         Writing env.build/SYFT_CHECK_FOR_APP_UPDATE.default
    [creator]     
    [creator]     Paketo Buildpack for Executable JAR 6.7.4
    [creator]       https://github.com/paketo-buildpacks/executable-jar
    [creator]       Class Path: Contributing to layer
    [creator]         Writing env/CLASSPATH.delim
    [creator]         Writing env/CLASSPATH.prepend
    [creator]       Process types:
    [creator]         executable-jar: java org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher (direct)
    [creator]         task:           java org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher (direct)
    [creator]         web:            java org.springframework.boot.loader.JarLauncher (direct)
    [creator]     
    [creator]     Paketo Buildpack for Spring Boot 5.26.1
    [creator]       https://github.com/paketo-buildpacks/spring-boot
    [creator]       Build Configuration:
    [creator]         $BP_SPRING_CLOUD_BINDINGS_DISABLED   false  whether to contribute Spring Boot cloud bindings support
    [creator]       Launch Configuration:
    [creator]         $BPL_SPRING_CLOUD_BINDINGS_DISABLED  false  whether to auto-configure Spring Boot environment properties from bindings
    [creator]         $BPL_SPRING_CLOUD_BINDINGS_ENABLED   true   Deprecated - whether to auto-configure Spring Boot environment properties from bindings
    [creator]       Class Path: Contributing to layer
    [creator]         Writing env.build/CLASSPATH.append
    [creator]         Writing env.build/CLASSPATH.delim
    [creator]       Image labels:
    [creator]         org.opencontainers.image.title
    [creator]         org.opencontainers.image.version
    [creator]         org.springframework.boot.version
    [creator]     Warning: BOM table is deprecated in this buildpack api version, though it remains supported for backwards compatibility. Buildpack authors should write BOM information to <layer>.sbom.<ext>, launch.sbom.<ext>, or build.sbom.<ext>.
    [creator]     
    [creator]     Paketo Buildpack for Native Image 5.12.1
    [creator]       https://github.com/paketo-buildpacks/native-image
    [creator]       Build Configuration:
    [creator]         $BP_BINARY_COMPRESSION_METHOD                Compression mechanism used to reduce binary size. Options: `none` (default), `upx` or `gzexe`
    [creator]         $BP_NATIVE_IMAGE                       true  enable native image build
    [creator]         $BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS             arguments to pass to the native-image command
    [creator]         $BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILD_ARGUMENTS_FILE        a file with arguments to pass to the native-image command
    [creator]         $BP_NATIVE_IMAGE_BUILT_ARTIFACT              the built application artifact explicitly, required if building from a JAR
    [creator]       Native Image: Contributing to layer
    [creator]         Executing native-image --no-fallback -H:+StaticExecutableWithDynamicLibC -H:Name=/layers/paketo-buildpacks_native-image/native-image/action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication -cp /workspace:/workspace/BOOT-INF/classes:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-webmvc-6.0.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-web-6.0.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-boot-autoconfigure-3.1.3.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-boot-3.1.3.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/jakarta.annotation-api-2.1.1.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-context-6.0.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-aop-6.0.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-beans-6.0.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-expression-6.0.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-core-6.0.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/snakeyaml-1.33.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/jackson-datatype-jsr310-2.15.2.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/jackson-module-parameter-names-2.15.2.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/jackson-annotations-2.15.2.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/jackson-core-2.15.2.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/jackson-datatype-jdk8-2.15.2.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/jackson-databind-2.15.2.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/tomcat-embed-websocket-10.1.12.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/tomcat-embed-core-10.1.12.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/tomcat-embed-el-10.1.12.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/micrometer-observation-1.11.3.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/logback-classic-1.4.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/log4j-to-slf4j-2.20.0.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/jul-to-slf4j-2.0.7.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/spring-jcl-6.0.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/micrometer-commons-1.11.3.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/logback-core-1.4.11.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/slf4j-api-2.0.7.jar:/workspace/BOOT-INF/lib/log4j-api-2.20.0.jar action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication
    [creator]     Warning: The USE_NATIVE_IMAGE_JAVA_PLATFORM_MODULE_SYSTEM environment variable is deprecated and might be removed in a future release. Please refer to the GraalVM release notes.
    [creator]     ================================================================================
    [creator]     GraalVM Native Image: Generating 'action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication' (static executable)...
    [creator]     ================================================================================
    [creator]     [1/8] Initializing...                                            (6.3s @ 0.18GB)
    [creator]      Java version: 17.0.7+7-LTS, vendor version: Liberica-NIK-23.0.0-1
    [creator]      Graal compiler: optimization level: 2, target machine: x86-64-v3
    [creator]      C compiler: gcc (linux, x86_64, 7.5.0)
    [creator]      Garbage collector: Serial GC (max heap size: 80% of RAM)
    [creator]      1 user-specific feature(s)
    [creator]      - org.springframework.aot.nativex.feature.PreComputeFieldFeature
    [creator]     Field org.apache.commons.logging.LogAdapter#log4jSpiPresent set to true at build time
    [creator]     Field org.apache.commons.logging.LogAdapter#log4jSlf4jProviderPresent set to true at build time
    [creator]     Field org.apache.commons.logging.LogAdapter#slf4jSpiPresent set to true at build time
    
    ... 
    
    [creator]     Field org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web.format.WebConversionService#JSR_354_PRESENT set to false at build time
    [creator]     Field org.springframework.web.servlet.support.RequestContext#jstlPresent set to false at build time
    [creator]     [2/8] Performing analysis...  [*******]                         (43.4s @ 1.68GB)
    [creator]       15,242 (90.54%) of 16,835 types reachable
    [creator]       25,081 (67.60%) of 37,103 fields reachable
    [creator]       74,287 (63.48%) of 117,020 methods reachable
    [creator]        4,762 types,   264 fields, and 4,976 methods registered for reflection
    [creator]           64 types,    70 fields, and    55 methods registered for JNI access
    [creator]            4 native libraries: dl, pthread, rt, z
    [creator]     [3/8] Building universe...                                       (6.1s @ 1.77GB)
    [creator]     [4/8] Parsing methods...      [**]                               (4.1s @ 2.12GB)
    [creator]     [5/8] Inlining methods...     [***]                              (2.5s @ 2.83GB)
    [creator]     [6/8] Compiling methods...    [******]                          (36.6s @ 3.10GB)
    [creator]     [7/8] Layouting methods...    [***]                              (6.8s @ 4.50GB)
    [creator]     [8/8] Creating image...       [***]                              (8.3s @ 1.75GB)
    [creator]       37.09MB (51.76%) for code area:    48,426 compilation units
    [creator]       31.82MB (44.41%) for image heap:  373,987 objects and 117 resources
    [creator]        2.75MB ( 3.83%) for other data
    [creator]       71.65MB in total
    [creator]     --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [creator]     Top 10 origins of code area:            Top 10 object types in image heap:
    [creator]       13.22MB java.base                        8.14MB byte[] for code metadata
    [creator]        4.51MB tomcat-embed-core-10.1.12.jar    3.63MB java.lang.Class
    [creator]        2.93MB java.xml                         3.54MB java.lang.String
    [creator]        2.03MB jackson-databind-2.15.2.jar      3.10MB byte[] for general heap data
    [creator]        1.57MB spring-core-6.0.11.jar           2.98MB byte[] for java.lang.String
    [creator]        1.34MB svm.jar                          1.28MB c.o.s.c.h.DynamicHubCompanion
    [creator]        1.31MB spring-boot-3.1.3.jar          922.50kB byte[] for reflection metadata
    [creator]        1.00MB spring-web-6.0.11.jar          778.79kB byte[] for embedded resources
    [creator]      920.14kB spring-beans-6.0.11.jar        695.89kB java.lang.String[]
    [creator]      862.61kB spring-webmvc-6.0.11.jar       586.31kB java.util.HashMap$Node
    [creator]        7.09MB for 70 more packages             5.87MB for 3166 more object types
    [creator]     --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [creator]     Recommendations:
    [creator]      HEAP: Set max heap for improved and more predictable memory usage.
    [creator]      CPU:  Enable more CPU features with '-march=native' for improved performance.
    [creator]     --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [creator]         9.3s (8.0% of total time) in 85 GCs | Peak RSS: 6.05GB | CPU load: 6.33
    [creator]     --------------------------------------------------------------------------------
    [creator]     Produced artifacts:
    [creator]      /layers/paketo-buildpacks_native-image/native-image/action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication (executable)
    [creator]     ================================================================================
    [creator]     Finished generating 'action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication' in 1m 55s.
    [creator]       Removing bytecode
    [creator]       Process types:
    [creator]         native-image: ./action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication (direct)
    [creator]         task:         ./action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication (direct)
    [creator]         web:          ./action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication (direct)
    [creator]     ===> EXPORTING
    [creator]     Reusing layer 'paketo-buildpacks/ca-certificates:helper'
    [creator]     Reusing layer 'paketo-buildpacks/executable-jar:classpath'
    [creator]     Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launch.sbom'
    [creator]     Adding 1/1 app layer(s)
    [creator]     Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:launcher'
    [creator]     Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:config'
    [creator]     Reusing layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:process-types'
    [creator]     Adding label 'io.buildpacks.lifecycle.metadata'
    [creator]     Adding label 'io.buildpacks.build.metadata'
    [creator]     Adding label 'io.buildpacks.project.metadata'
    [creator]     Adding label 'org.opencontainers.image.title'
    [creator]     Adding label 'org.opencontainers.image.version'
    [creator]     Adding label 'org.springframework.boot.version'
    [creator]     Setting default process type 'web'
    [creator]     Saving docker.io/library/action-in-blog:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT...
    [creator]     *** Images (ce848b153d90):
    [creator]           docker.io/library/action-in-blog:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT
    [creator]     Reusing cache layer 'paketo-buildpacks/bellsoft-liberica:native-image-svm'
    [creator]     Reusing cache layer 'paketo-buildpacks/syft:syft'
    [creator]     Adding cache layer 'paketo-buildpacks/native-image:native-image'
    [creator]     Reusing cache layer 'buildpacksio/lifecycle:cache.sbom'

Successfully built image 'docker.io/library/action-in-blog:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT'


Deprecated Gradle features were used in this build, making it incompatible with Gradle 9.0.

You can use '--warning-mode all' to show the individual deprecation warnings and determine if they come from your own scripts or plugins.

For more on this, please refer to https://docs.gradle.org/8.2.1/userguide/command_line_interface.html#sec:command_line_warnings in the Gradle documentation.

BUILD SUCCESSFUL in 2m 23s
9 actionable tasks: 1 executed, 8 up-to-date

도커 명령어로 컨테이너를 실행합니다.

• 어플리케이션 컨테이너를 실행하는데 0.142초 소요됩니다.
  • 일반 실행보다 약 8배 이상 빠릅니다.

$ docker run -p 8080:8080 docker.io/library/action-in-blog:0.0.1-SNAPSHOT

  .   ____          _            __ _ _
 /\\ / ___'_ __ _ _(_)_ __  __ _ \ \ \ \
( ( )\___ | '_ | '_| | '_ \/ _` | \ \ \ \
 \\/  ___)| |_)| | | | | || (_| |  ) ) ) )
  '  |____| .__|_| |_|_| |_\__, | / / / /
 =========|_|==============|___/=/_/_/_/
 :: Spring Boot ::                (v3.1.3)

2023-09-18T02:21:40.457Z  INFO 1 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : Starting AOT-processed ActionInBlogApplication using Java 17.0.7 with PID 1 (/workspace/action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication started by cnb in /workspace)
2023-09-18T02:21:40.458Z  INFO 1 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : The following 1 profile is active: "dev"
2023-09-18T02:21:40.490Z  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat initialized with port(s): 8080 (http)
2023-09-18T02:21:40.494Z  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardService   : Starting service [Tomcat]
2023-09-18T02:21:40.494Z  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.apache.catalina.core.StandardEngine    : Starting Servlet engine: [Apache Tomcat/10.1.12]
2023-09-18T02:21:40.508Z  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.a.c.c.C.[Tomcat].[localhost].[/]       : Initializing Spring embedded WebApplicationContext
2023-09-18T02:21:40.508Z  INFO 1 --- [           main] w.s.c.ServletWebServerApplicationContext : Root WebApplicationContext: initialization completed in 50 ms
2023-09-18T02:21:40.557Z  INFO 1 --- [           main] o.s.b.w.embedded.tomcat.TomcatWebServer  : Tomcat started on port(s): 8080 (http) with context path ''
2023-09-18T02:21:40.558Z  INFO 1 --- [           main] action.in.blog.ActionInBlogApplication   : Started ActionInBlogApplication in 0.142 seconds (process running for 0.197)

5. Conclusion

예제를 만들어보면서 GraalVM에 대해 얻은 느낌과 인사이트(insight)는 다음과 같습니다.

• 네이티브 이미지로 빌드된 파일의 실행 속도는 확실히 빠릅니다.
• 빌드하는데 시간이 오래 소요되기 때문에 로컬 개발 환경이나 프로젝트 어플리케이션이 자주 변경되는 프로젝트 초반일 경우 불편할 것 같습니다.
• @Profile 애너테이션을 사용한 선택적인 빈 주입은 정상적으로 수행됩니다.
  • 공식 문서에서 제약 사항이 있다는 것을 보면 완벽하게 지원하진 않지만, 예제 수준의 간단한 프로파일 사용은 가능할 것으로 보입니다.
• GraalVM JDK를 사용하면 필요에 따라 컴파일 방법을 선택할 수 있습니다.
  • OpenJDK 컴파일러와 Graal JIT 컴파일러를 jar 패키징 빌드
  • AOT 컴파일러를 사용한 네이티브 이미지 빌드

TEST CODE REPOSITORY

• https://github.com/Junhyunny/blog-in-action/tree/master/2023-09-18-spring-boot-supports-graal-vm-native-image

REFERENCE

• https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/native-image.html
• https://docs.spring.io/spring-boot/docs/current/reference/html/howto.html#howto.aot.conditions
• https://www.graalvm.org/latest/docs/getting-started/macos/
• https://velog.io/@akfls221/Spring-GraalVM-Native-Image